湿地松种子园种子高产技术

通过对无性系选择、栽植密度与经营密度管理、专用肥、抚育管理、辅助授粉、病虫害防治等方面的论述,阐明了湿地松种子园种子高产技术.     

4种农药对枇杷园土壤磷酸酶活性及微生物呼吸的影响

应用室内培养方法研究了甲基托布津、代森锰锌、杀灭菊酯、阿维菌素4种农药对枇杷园土壤磷酸酶活性及微生物呼吸的影响,并对4种农药进行了安全性评价。结果表明,经杀菌剂甲基托布津和代森锰锌处理的土壤,磷酸酶活性受到明显抑制,且抑制效果未见恢复。经杀灭菊酯和阿维菌素处理的土壤,磷酸酶活性变化呈现"抑制-恢复-激活"趋势;抑制作用随农药浓度的升高而增强;但7d后磷酸酶活性受到了一定程度的激活,35d达到最高值;高浓度杀灭菊酯和低浓度阿维菌素显示出较强的激活作用。农药对土壤微生物呼吸作用的影响初期表现为轻微激活,5d后出现抑制作用,12d后基本恢复正常,接近对照水平。通过安全性评价可知,供试4种农药对土壤微生物的危害较小,为无毒害或无实际危害的农药。     

广西红壤果园土壤肥力演化与评价

本文着重探讨广西红壤果园土壤肥力在不同种植年限的演化特征,并利用数理统计软件—SPSS对果园土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明,广西红壤果园土壤肥力综合指标值(IFI)在0.17～0.25之间,果园土壤肥力属中下水平。不同年限果园IFI的变化趋势为"N"形走势,即新开果园在10年内IFI略有上升,10年后下降,而在30年以后果园土壤IFI又有增加。造成这种走势的原因,主要是由于受广西高温多雨的气候、果园环境和施肥管理等方面共同影响的结果。在近15年开垦种植的果园中,由于水土流失严重,果园土壤砂化,11～15年树龄果园的砂粒含量比0～5年树龄果园增加近23个百分点,而团聚体(>1mm)和有效阳离子代换量(ECEC)却分别减少24个百分点和3.0cmol/kg,果园土壤环境恶化。防止新开果园水土流失,改善新开果园土壤环境,为广西水果生产的当务之急。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区山地果园集流高效利用技术研究

对黄土丘陵沟壑区山地果园集流节水利用的定位试验观测和分析的结果表明 :将果园修成“回”字形集水面 ,将超渗产流蓄贮 ,既可以减少果园水土流失 ,又能满足果树旱季用水 ;采用地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、绿色覆盖措施可以有效地减少地面蒸发 ,调节地表温度 ,增加土壤有机质 ,达到高效利用雨水资源的目的。该技术具有简便、实用、经济效益高的特点 ,适宜在生产中大力推广应用     

丘陵红壤橘园不同地面管理措施的经济生态效益研究

在丘陵红壤橘园上．经过3年6种地面管理措施的经济生态效益研究。结果表明：（1）水土流失，以清耕法作对照，生草法、克无踪、草甘膦、草草克、克克草的地表径流量可显著减少分别为38．8％．42．5％．18，7％，28．7％和37．5％；土壤侵蚀量可显著减少分别为55．5‰，51．7％．39．9％．46．8％和50．0％；流失的氮磷钾养分总量可分别减少60．3％．50．2％，37．0％．41．8％和45．4％。（2）杂草再生率，以生草法做对照，则处理中的清耕法、克无踪、草甘膦、草草克和克克草分别是生草法的55．1%．67．2％．30．3％．36．8％和51．2％。（3）土壤肥力，以土壤OM，N,P2O3,K2O总量增减率看，清耕法为-4．4%,生草法7．1％，克无踪6．9％，草甘膦5．3％．克克草6．2％．草草克6．6％。（4）柑橘的产量和品质，以清耕法作对照，除生草法外，克无踪、草甘膦、草草克、克克草均增产7％～10％；可溶性固形物、总糖量、总酸度、糖酸比以及单果重均达到显著差异水平。克无踪调控杂草效果显著．可作为丘陵红壤丘陵园地水保与培肥兼得的有效地面管理措施。     

广西富川纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和植株叶片营养状况研究与评价

对广西富川县60个纽荷尔脐橙园土壤和叶片样品进行营养成分检测分析。结果表明，所调查纽荷尔脐橙园土壤偏酸，土壤有机质、有效钾、有效锌、交换性钙含量较高；碱解氮、有效磷、有效铁和有效铜含量中等；交换性镁、有效锰和有效硼含量较低。脐橙叶片中磷、钾和铁含量大部分处于高量水平，少量处于适量范围，但是铜和锌的含量多数处于低量水平。纽荷尔脐橙园土壤pH值与交换性镁呈极显著正相关性，与有效钾呈极显著负相关，土壤有机质与有效锌呈极显著正相关。土壤交换性钙与叶片钙含量呈显著正相关、交换性镁与叶片镁的含量呈显著正相关，土壤交换性钙、镁与叶片锰含量呈极显著负相关，土壤酸度和土壤中营养元素的有效含量对树体营养元素的吸收和营养水平有较大影响，各个果园的氮、磷、钾肥施用极其不均，大部分果园钾肥施用过量。本研究对指导富川县纽荷尔脐橙园配方施肥和营养调节具有重大意义。     

赣南脐橙园蜘蛛优势种的季节动态及与气象因子的相关分析

赣南脐橙园蜘蛛已知13科38种。脐橙树冠层蜘蛛优势种有3种，其中草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)全年以5 - 6月及9 - 10月份的发生数量最大；斑管巢蛛(Clubiona deletrix)在7 - 10月份发生量较大，2 - 3月份的数量明显减少；鳞纹肖蛸(Tetragnatha squamata)在4月和12月份的种群数量较多，而6 - 9月份较少见到。地面层蜘蛛优势种有2种，其中草间钻头蛛的季节消长同样具有两个高峰期，但跨度较少，仅在6月份和10月份出现；拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)种群数量在3月份达到最高峰，在12月份处于低谷。不同季节脐橙树冠层草间钻头蛛和斑管巢蛛的发生数量都与平均气温和日照时数呈显著或极显著正相关，而鳞纹肖蛸的季节发生数量与平均气温间为显著负相关；地面层拟水狼蛛的数量季节变动与相对湿度和降雨量间表现出极显著的正相关性。     

Yield and olive oil characteristics of a low-density orchard (cv. Cordovil) subjected to different irrigation regimes

The impact of different irrigation scheduling regimes on the quantity and quality of olive oil from a low-density olive grove in southern Portugal was assessed during the irrigation seasons of 2006 and 2007. Olive trees were subjected to one of the following treatments: A—full irrigation; B—sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) with 60% of ETc water applied with irrigation; C—regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with irrigation water applied at three critical phases: before flowering, at the beginning of pit hardening and before crop harvesting and D—rain-fed treatment. Olive oil yield was significantly higher than rain-fed conditions in 2006, an “on year” of significant rainfall during summer. No significant yield differences were observed in the following “off year”. Among the irrigated treatments, olive oil production of treatment B was 32.5% and 40.1% higher in 2006 and 2007, respectively than the fully irrigated treatment A, despite receiving 49% less irrigation water. Such strategy could allow for an efficient use of water in the region, of very limited available resources, and for modest but important oil yield increase. Nonetheless, on the “on year” of 2006 treatment C used 13.9% of the water applied to treatment B and produced only 23.9% less olive fruits which could also make it illegible as the next possible strategy to use for irrigating olive trees in the region, provided that water is secured latter in the summer, a period of vital importance for oil accumulation and very sensitive to water stress as the poor results of 2007 revealed. The different treatment water regimes did not impact on the chemical characteristics of olive oils that were within the set threshold limits. Similarly, the sensory characteristics of the olive oils as well as bitterness and pungency were negligible for all treatments allowing them to be assessed as of “superior quality”.Overall, irrigation treatments had no influence on the commercial value of produced oils, being all classified as “extra virgin”. Such funding may be of vital importance to farmers willing to further their irrigation area, save water and still retain the protected designation of origin (PDO) seal of quality for their oil.     

不同坡向杉木3代种子园土壤有效养分差异比较分析

以杉木3代种子园为研究对象,分析不同坡向杉木3代种子园土壤有效养分含量差异,从而为实现杉木种子园的合理施肥奠定理论基础。研究结果表明,同一坡向随着坡位上升以及同一坡位随着土层深度的增加,杉木3代种子园土壤有效养分含量呈逐渐下降趋势;同一坡位同一土层深度不同坡向对土壤有效养分含量的影响体现出较为复杂的规律。     

果园割草机割茬高度机构运动分析与设计

生草制矮砧密植园苹果园草势生长状态可有效控制果园水分,协调果园微域环境。为此,利用数学模型分析了平行四杆机构的运动参数,确定了割茬高度调节手柄转动角度与割茬高度间对应的数学关系。分析表明,高度调节手柄转动角度α为-16.13°,-9.59°,-3.18°,3.18°,9.59°和16.13°等6个角度时,对应割茬高度为50,60,70,80,90,100mm,实现了割茬高度精确控制;同时,应用AIP软件创建割茬高度调整机构数字样机,满足割茬高度的有级调整要求。